* the Results Once Again
It was a beautiful and desperate spring of the year 449 when long narrow boats of newcomers came swiftly to the shores of Kent or nearby and landed there. The resistance was useless as the tall strong men with flowing hair and bronzed faces, glittering swords and shields leaped ashore one after another. They came from the meadows by the marshes, from the dark woods and the flat and sandy shores of the North Sea, which were overcrowded and couldn't give enough food for the people, living there. And then, the newcomers became masters of the state which nosotros know now as England but at those time it hadn't had any name yet.
The Anglo-Saxon Period in the History of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
Anglo-Saxon — Англосаксы (Общее название германских племен — англов, саксов, ютов и фризов, положивших начало английскому народу).
1. Jutes, Angles and Saxon in Corking Britain
- desirable — желанный
- Angles ['æŋglz] — Англы
- Saxons ['sæks(ə)due north] — Cаксы
- Jutes [ʤuːts] — Юты
- warlike — воинственный
The Germanic tribes invaded Britain in the fifth century. When the Romans left, the country was absolutely leadless and defenseless. This was the all-time fourth dimension for the Germanic tribes to come as for them the British Isles had been a desirable land for a long fourth dimension.
The about powerful Germanic tribes to settle down were Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
Jutes were the first to settle in Britain. It is believed that they came from the territory of later French republic. This tribe settled in southern part of U.k.: in Kent and the Isle of Wight.
Angles and Saxon came from the territory of Germany and Denmark. Saxon made their homes in Sussex (S Saxons), Essex (East Saxons), Midlesex (Eye Saxons), Wessex (West Saxons). Angles settled in Due east Anglia: Norfolk (N folk), Suffolk (S folk) and Lincolnshire.
The British Celts fought the Germanic tribes, only Anglo-Saxon ground forces was well organized, they were very strong and warlike and it was hard to resist them. Every bit a result, the Britons had to leave their homes and get to the Western part of country to settle downwards there. This territory was called "Weallas» which meant «the land of the foreigners». This part of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland is called Wales at present. Other Celts went to the Northern part of the country to the land that is known as Scotland. Therefore, the oldest tribe of Celts inhabited Wales and Scotland.
That was a long fighting for the land, but gradually new settlers began to feel at home. The country was divided into vii kingdoms: East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, where Angles settled; Essex, Sussex, Wessex with Saxon settlements and Jutes forming kingdom of Kent. Each group of settlers had a leader: a stiff and successful leader became the king of the kingdom. The king ruled his kingdom and had an ground forces.
Angles were the strongest of all three tribes. Later two tribes: Angles and Saxons united and were called Anglo-Saxons. They called their land — England or «the Land of Angles».
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2. Celtic Resistance
From the paragraph you will know how the Celts resist the invaders and how they failed.
- Ambrosius Aurelianus — Амвросий Аврелиан (вождь бриттов, разгромивший саксов)
- Wansdyke — земляной вал (см. фото)
- Male monarch Arthur [kɪŋ 'ɑːθə] — Король Артур
- Egbert — Король Эгберт
In the early 6th century Ambrosius Aurelianus headed the resistance against the Anglo-Saxon invaders. Information technology is believed that under the Ambrosius leadership Wansdyke was synthetic, that is a serial of defensive earthwork in the Due west Country dating from the Dark Ages. Ambrosius with his army fought confronting the Saxons and won the battle at Mons Badonicus (Mount Badon). This established a menses of peace for the Britons.
A photo of Wansdyke
Another dauntless Celtic tribal leader was King Arthur. We all know the fable of King Arthur, his knights of the Circular Tabular array, Camelot kingdom and the queen Guinevere. What was true and what was a legend we will not know now. But there is historical evidence that there was a neat leader, whose name was Arthur, who resisted and struggled against Germanic invaders in the sixth century. A lot was written nearly King Arthur, a homo who fought for the Celtic people'south independence and became a national hero.
Due to this resistance of the brave Celts, the borders of the kingdom were shifting constantly. The territory of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland underwent many political changes: the early settlers created tribal groups, which afterwards were formed into kingdoms and sub-kingdoms. In the 5th and 6th centuries, the country was divided into seven kingdoms, in the beginning of the 9th century the state there were four kingdoms — Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia and Wessex. And during the reign of Rex Egbert these kingdoms were reorganized once again.
The word "-shire" means part of the territory which was cutting off. Sometimes information technology was called after a town of importance, such every bit Derbyshire or Lincolnshire.
Egbert was the king of Wessex kingdom, but soon he became then powerful that by 827 he had conquered Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Sussex, Surrey and North Wales territories that together formed England. He was acknowledged to be the overlord of England. He is known as the first monarch who established a stable dominion over all of Anglo-Saxon England.
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three. Anglo-Saxon influence
From this paragraph you lot will know about the Anglo-Saxon influence on the land, their manner of life, the names they gave to their settlements and some more.
The Anglo-Saxon period continued more than than 600 years from 410 to 1066 and the influence of Anglo-Saxon was great.
The Anglo-Saxon House
4. Anglo-Saxon place names
- chieftain ['ʧiːft(ə)n] — вождь
- in charge — во главе
The Anglo-Saxons settled in many different parts of the land – the Jutes in Kent, the Angles in Eastward Anglia, the Saxons in parts of Essex, Wessex, Sussex and Middlesex. Early Anglo-Saxon villages were named later on the leader of the tribe that is for everyone to know who was in charge. For example. "Reading" was Redda's village – where Redda was the local chieftain.
Anglo-Saxons set upward their ham or home, for example Billingham or Clapham, and their ton or boondocks, for example, Harlington or Brighton, nearly the mouth of a river or in a sheltered bay. These names are nonetheless written on the maps today.
Even now many towns and villages all the same carry their Anglo-Saxon names. These places often accept 'ing' or 'folk' somewhere in their name, for example Suffolk or Norfolk (in Erstwhile English 'inga' and 'folc' meant people). Names with ' wick / wich' endings meant craft: Woolwich (sheep), Butterwick (dairy), Chiswick (cheese).And of course the proper name "England" likewise comes from the Saxon word "Angle-Land".
five. Christianity
- religious beliefs — религиозные убеждения
- pagans — язычники
When the Anglo-Saxons tribes came they brought their religious behavior with them. In Roman U.k. many people were Christians, but the early on Anglo-Saxons were pagans. The future pope, Gregory the Great, when kickoff saw fair-haired Anglo-Saxon captives told "not Angles merely angels" and dreamt that he would bring Christianity to these pagans. That happened in Advertising 597, when Saint Augustine, along with forty companions, returned from the mission to the Angles' homeland and near of the country was converted to Christianity.
6. English linguistic communication's development
The Anglo-Saxon period gave rise to the English spoken language every bit well every bit the spread of the written English. Writing came with the introduction of Christianity. There appeared professional poets, and in 7th century the greatest monument to Anglo-Saxon poetry – "the Poem of Beowulf" was created. It tells the story of a dauntless pagan warrior and his battles with monsters and dragons.
7. Legal system
In AD 928 the English country was created, which not simply established a construction for the nation's law and politics only too was the kickoff pace for the subsequently English parliament. At that time in that location was created the constabulary-code of Male monarch Æthelberht of Kent (560–616), Hlothere and Eadric'due south Code (c679–85), Wihtræd'due south Lawmaking (695). There appeared the Textus Roffensis or the "Rochester Codex" that contains the earliest written laws from c600 – and later codes about law-breaking and penalisation, police and order.
Sources:
- М.С. Зимина, С.Б. Катенин «Англо-саксонские королевства» при участии Дж. Поллок (Великобритания), 2000, ISBN 5-7931-0133-0
- В.С. Кузнецова «England. History, Geography, Culture» (учебник для вузов), 1976
Source: https://englishstory.ru/the-anglo-saxon-conquest-of-britain-449-1066.html
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